My Dream

My Dream Holiday My dream holiday doesn’t involve only one place but the whole world, because it is to tour the world’s most astonishing places. Firstly there’s Manhattan. New York. As one of the most popular tourist destinations and heavily populated places anywhere in the world, Manhattan offers something for everyone, including vast amounts beauty, irrelevant of what you consider to be beautiful.From the lush greenery and openness of Central Park to the awe-inspiring and breathtaking view from the top of the Rockefeller Centre to the iconic Statue of Liberty, it would be difficult for anyone to visit Manhattan and not find part of it stunning. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, that the area was mapped. Hudson came across Manhattan Island and the native people living there in 1609, and continued up the river that would later bear his name, the Hudson River, until he arrived at the site of pre sent day Albany.Secondly there’s Ireland There’s one town in particularly which is a â€Å"must†. This town is called Killarney. It is located in the province â€Å"Munster† in Country Kerry. Its population was last taken in 2006 and found to be 16931 people. Killarney has featured prominently in early Irish history, with religious settlements playing an important part of its recorded history. Its first significantly historical settlement was the monastery on nearby Innis fallen Island found in 640ad by St. Finian the Leper, which was occupied for approximately 850 years.Thirdly there’s Meteora, Greece. The word â€Å"meteora† means â€Å"Suspended rocks†. The area of Meteora on the Greek mainland is a collection of six monasteries that were constructed on limestone rocks many centuries ago. The six monasteries includes â€Å"The Holy Monastery of Great Meteoron, Varlaam, Rousanou, St. Nicholas Anapausas, St. Stephen and The Monaster y of the Holy Trinity. Their beautiful to look at both up close and from afar, each of the six Eastern Orthodox monasteries are still inhabited to this day. Then there’s the wondrous Creation located in Australia.The Great Barrier Reef. It is officially the largest reef system on earth. The Great Barrier Reef has almost 3,000 reefs encompassed within the 2,600 kilometer area of land that it covers. Although the Great Barrier Reef is clearly visible from space, it is when looking at it from underneath water when it truly appears to be beautiful and somewhat magical. Over 1,500 types of fish call the Great Barrier Reef home and in excess of 400 types of coral can be viewed in the area. Next on my list comes the extraordinary city, Venice.This is one of the most popular cities in Italy. Venice is known primarily for its canals, which provide both romantic and commuter travel within the city. There are, however, many other reasons why a visit to Venice is a must, notably some ama zing feats of architecture. It seems as if every step you take, you will encounter some aspect of the city worth admiring. The major sights like the basilica and piazza of San Marco are perhaps the city’s most famous. There is however much more, but there's always next time for the rest.

Celta

CELTA P/T Karolina Szybinska Assignment 3: Skills Related Tasks -1I decided to use the â€Å"Metro† article on Big Brother for my skills related task. I think it is an appropriate text for English language learners, because the article was published in â€Å"Metro† – a free newspaper which students will immediately recognise (proven that they have lived in London for more than 2 weeks). I also think that the use of an â€Å"authentic† text could be hugely appreciated by the students; the ability to read and understand a newspaper they see daily is an enormous confidence booster for them.The article deals with contemporary issue, and the topic is not culturally biased as the concept of Big Brother will be known to European students and possibly to other students with a little bit of an interest in the western culture. But, most of all, this article is perfect for a reading activity, as the topic is known to be a very controversial one and would make it a gr eat discussion/ productive skill extension.I would use it with an intermediate/upper intermediate level students (depending on the individual students too, trying not to match the level to the strongest students, but also making sure the students are not bored or unchallenged because I focus too much on the weaker ones). -2– I think a good starting point for this lesson would be playing a trailer of The Truman Show movie and start from there. Many students will be familiar with the movie already and if they are not, the trailer provides a good explanation of the problem in the movie.The idea of being invigilated 24/7 is put across quite bluntly in the trailer alone. The trailer is also a good aid to use, should any Assignment 3 P/T Celta Karolina Szybinska 1 students have problems with a sentence in the text â€Å"The Truman Show-style concept†. Students could first discuss with partners whether or not they have seen the movie, how they feel about being filmed, do they know any other movies/books/TV programs where this idea is explored . After eliciting Big Brother, ask some additional, personalised questions like â€Å"Have you ever watched BB? , â€Å"Would you like to be one of the contestants? †, â€Å"Have you ever applied for the show? †. Then I could move to the first reading activity. -3Although there are plenty of new vocabulary items in the article, I think students would not have any significant difficulties with grasping the overall meaning of the text. I am not a fan of pre-teaching vocabulary, I agree with Jeremy Harmer here, who claims that â€Å"by giving them some or all of those words we deny them [a chance to practice tackling authentic texts]† (Harmer, 203) i.I think that students get the better grasp of the word if they work themselves towards the meaning, e. g. from the context, and in this article I would only preteach key vocabulary, such as contestants, to air sth, to screen sth, pittance. I would us e pictures/movies and CCQs to convey the meaning. For the remaining vocabulary issues I would count on the students to try and convey the meaning from the context or give them a matching exercise of words and synonyms to be completed in pairs in the pre-reading stage of the lesson. 4I would use this article to practise skim reading. It is not long, but consists of enough paragraphs to cater for the teacher to set up skimming activities. My activities for practising skim reading through this article would be as follows: ? Match the paragraph with the heading ? Put the scrambled paragraphs in order. Assignment 3 P/T Celta Karolina Szybinska 2 I would remind/explain to the students that skim reading is a skill that require quick reading and ability to choose only important information.After instructing activity, give them the handout to match headings with paragraphs and give the students quite conservative time limit (2 minutes), as they need the push to read quickly and finish before the time is up, otherwise the students tend to focus too much on unknown vocabulary instead (Riddell, 102)ii. After that, pair and then group feedback. Then give out another handout with scrambled paragraphs and give them another 3 minutes to put them in a correct order, followed by pair and group feedback. For this task I prepared two various copies.If the group is energetic, I would just ask the students to number the paragraphs from 1-6. If the group is low on energy and needs some kinaesthetic and personalised activities, I would give them scissors, glue and a blank sheet of paper, so they would have to cut the paragraphs up and glue the correct order. -5For the more detailed understanding task, I would use 2 activities, which I think will be suitable. ? a set of questions with multiple choice answer. ? a True/False questionnaire about the article, each followed by â€Å"why? so the student can also identify the fragment of the article containing the relevant information. Davi d Riddell says that answering multiple choice and T/F questions required scanning the text for specific informationii but I truly think that this activity could be used as the detailed reading task. Because students would have already skimmed the text by then, additional scanning would supplement the initial task Assignment 3 P/T Celta Karolina Szybinska 3 and together it could form a comprehensive and detailed reading activity. Particularly if the questions were not too easy with an obvious answer. 6For the last part of the lesson I would put pictures of Big Brother contestants engaged in various activities in the house (sleeping, cooking, working in the garden, cleaning, dancing etc. ) around the classroom. I would also play a short clip of Davina McCall reporting from a Big Brother house. Students will be put in pairs and told that they are news reporters broadcasting from outside the Big Brother house and that their producer gave them 10 minutes to prepare the topic and wants th em to mention specific items (new vocabulary from the lesson, put on the board).The students can walk around the classroom and decide what information they would like to include in the broadcast. After ten minutes each pair stands in front of the rest of the classmates and â€Å"broadcast† their story on Big Brother. Assignment 3 P/T Celta Karolina Szybinska 4 i Harmer, J. The Practice Of English Language Teaching. 3rd Edition. Longman, 2001. Riddell, D. Teach Yourself Teaching English as a Foreign/Second Language. McGraw-Hill, 2003 ii

An Inspector Calls Essay Example for Free (#11)

An Inspector Calls Essay An Inspector Calls is a play that investigates the social injustice of society in England. Its author JB Priestly writes a story based on the society reigned by King Edward. In this historic period the British Empire was at its peak of world colonial power. Edwardian society, as the period was known as, was split into different class groups. You had upper class, middle class and lower class. JB Priestly rights about an Edwardian upper class family, called the Birlings and how their transgressions lead to the suicide of a poor lower class factory worker known as Eva Smith. The story begins in the Birling household where the family are celebrating the engagement of Sheila Birling and Gerald Croft. The celebrations are interrupted as the inspector appears, bringing the news of the suicide of Eva Smith. His inquiries reveal each member of the Birling household involvement in the case and the once respectable Birling family are revealed to be rather pathetic and immoral.  In reference to the essay question I shall now write about one member of the Birling family and how their character changes through out the play. Sheila Birling is the daughter of Author and Sybil Birling. It is at her engagement party with Gerald Croft, where the inspector reveals the family’s involvement in the Eva Smith suicide case. In the story Priestly portrays her as a young beautiful lady with a rather selfish and arrogant nature. Using her compelling personality she is able to obtain anything in which she desires through her father. At the beginning of the inspector’s inquiries she seems  somewhat curious about the reason for the inspector’s interference. Of course at this time she is unaware of her contribution to the incident and sits in the room with a feeling of impartial responsibility to the suicide of Eva Smith. After the inspector explains what’s happened and how Eva Smith dies she shows an empathetic side of her personality, which might have surprised the audience watching the play. She shows her remorse by describing her feelings towards the injustice of the case. The inspector interviews Author Birling first before moving on to Sheila. Author Birling insists for the inspector to leave his daughter out his inquiries, but the inspector points out to Mr Birling that he must speak to everybody in the house. The inspector unveils Sheila’s’ involvement by revealing her as the second link in a long chain of events leading to the death of Eva Smith. Edwardian upper class society was well renowned for their ability to exercise total power and control over lower class persons. Priestly shows a perfect example of this during the inspector’s questioning of Sheila. He reveals that after being sacked from Mr Birlings’ factory, Eva Smith found a knew line of work at a clothes shop where Sheila Birling was considered a valued customer. Eva Smith was soon left unemployed after being sacked again. The reason was for being better looking than Sheila in a dress which had Miss Birling’s best interest at heart. Using her social position she was able to influence the managers at the clothes shop into dismissing Eva Smith. Sheila is devastated after hearing the effect of her selfish act. The inspector shows another side to Sheila Birlings’ character, her gentle side. Perhaps Sheila can be separated from the rest of the family as she is the only one, apart from Eric who is able to accept responsibility for her action, unlike her father who a coward at heart made excuses for his actions.: Through the course of the play Sheila slowly changes from a spoilt little rich snob into a mature young lady. She begins to share the inspectors’ views on Edwardian society and brings about a few of her own views.  The purpose of Priestly writing ‘An Inspector Calls’ was to get his views about Edwardian society across England. Using the inspector he criticizes  The social order of Edwardian society. So any comment made by the inspector is a comment made by JB Priestly.  Conclusion  I have been able to successfully answer the essay question using Sheila Birling as my character to show how members of the Birling family changed. JB Priestly reveals the injustice that occurred in Edwardian society. He shows the audience that the upper class people of Edwardian society were consequently not the respectable upright citizens that their class positions would have implied. An Inspector Calls. (2017, Nov 07).

Introduction to Personal and Preofessional Practice Essay

Introduction to Personal and Preofessional Practice - Essay Example As a student at the University of Central Lancashire, I got the opportunity to learn different things that were related to my academic and personal experiences. Responsibility and Initiative in the marketing class During the module, I have learned the importance of responsibility and initiative. Responsibility refers to being accountable for decisions and actions, and University students are expected to be responsible and take initiative in their tasks (Baker, 2009). I have had to initiate conversations with members of the faculty, make intelligent choices about the courses to take and critically decide which marketing-related clubs I needed to join. University is very different from high school, and as much as there were several advising programs in the University, many decisions were left in the hands of the students. I was faced with a responsibility over my life and I had to take initiative so as to ensure successful completion of my course. University was also quite different fr om home since I had been used to letting my parents make the choices for me. I needed to learn how to become independent, confident and accountable for all my actions. These needs were preparing me for the future since after school there are many opportunities that require responsibility and initiative: family life and working life. ... Also I ensured that I took a balanced diet since there was nobody to make the choices on my behalf. So far I have learnt about the best ways to choose activities that can contribute to one’s overall wellbeing. Being a vegetarian meant that I had to maintain a good balance of all food groups. I joined the Christian group so that I could get a religious identity, and this gave me spiritual nourishment. I participated in several Badminton and Chess competitions whereby I won five awards, and that success made me realize that I was good in those two sports. The process of making wise decisions about my physical, emotional, mental and spiritual wellness gave me a basis for future responsibility over my wellbeing and that of others. Course work and Time management I realized that the main obligation that I had in the University was my academic career. Marketing course required that I participate in community- based projects, school- based projects and all events organized by marketi ng department. It also needed more studying hours than other subjects since it covered a wide range of topics. I had several non- academic activities that would compete for my time but I realized that time management was key to ensuring that I balanced all of them. I had a problem understanding that my course required more than just the allocated class time. However, I talked to a faculty member and he advised me that I needed to do more personal studies so that I could research and understand what I had been taught in class. At the University, we had work-study jobs that students would do during their part time, and I decided to do them too since they would prepare me for employments in future. As I did my studies, I took up a part time job in

RECORD KEEPING. (The concept should be defined and explored and an Essay

RECORD KEEPING. (The concept should be defined and explored and an explanation provided of how this concept relates to the role of the nurse in providing care in your specific field of nursing) - Essay Example onducted to manage records, and tools in a record system comprise all the software and equipment used in capturing, organizing, storing, tracking, and retrieving records. Keeping records is essential for the best functioning of any organization. Nursing being an important entity that supports human development and growth, it also relies on good record keeping for efficient delivery of services and health care (Luepker 2003). Therefore, it is the responsibility of every nurse in the nursing team providing patient care to play part in record keeping. However, a senior nurse overseeing unqualified colleagues should assume the responsibility and provide guidance on proper documentation. Keeping nursing records has many advantages, however, a majority of nurses struggle to find time to keep records. In addition to that, some of them do not view it as vital as other duties. Nursing record entails the nursing care a patient receives, as well as his/her response to the care. Additionally, factors or events that may affect a patient’s well being are also recorded. These factors ranges from the patients’ visitors seeing them to scheduled theatre visits. In case a nurse does not know what to write down in a patient’s heath record, he/she should ask such questions as: â€Å"If I am not able to handover verbally to the next nursing team, what information should they know to continue giving heath care to the patients?† Answers to this question should give the nurse an insight of what she is expected to write in the patient’s records (Marsh & Magee 2009). Good record keeping is part of nursing care given to patients. As a matter of fact, it is almost impossible to memorize everything one does or everything that happens in a shift. Therefore, failure to have accurate and clear nursing records for all patients may make handover to new nursing teams incomplete. Furthermore, this may affect the patients well being. Quality of records kept by a nursing department may be a

Nutrition assessment in older adults Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Nutrition assessment in older adults - Essay Example s defined as â€Å"faulty or inadequate nutritional status; undernouishment characterized by insufficient dietary intake; poor appetite, muscle wasting and weight loss† (Chen et al, 2001: 131). Malnutrition in the elderly can lead to disability, functional dependency, higher morbidity, mortality, immune dysfunction, greater demand for health care resources and reduced quality of life. Among hospitalized older adults there is also delayed recovery and increased complications (McCall & Cotton, 2001: 137). According to The National Service Framework for Older People in England and Wales, nutrition risk screening or assessment tools help to identify those with nutritional concerns, in order to develop appropriate nutrition care plans (DoH, 2001: 54). Without adequate interventions, malnutrition can cause a steady decline in the well-being, quality of life and life-expectancy of elderly individuals. The Research Statement: This paper proposes to study the requirement for nutritional assessment among older adults, compare and contrast two nutritional assessment strategies: Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) and Mini Nutrition Assessment (MNA); and evaluate how a nurse may utilise these tools to assess elderly patients. The lack of formalised and consistent nutritional assessment for older adults, along with the need to improve nursing knowledge has been recognized by the Senior Nurse and Midwifery Advisory Council (SNMAC 2001) in its audit of standards for older people (Bailey, 2006: 20). The author found from research that few nursing staff had received formal training in the specific nutritional needs of older people, and there was a lack of assessment and planned care. The need for systematic screening is emphasized because of compelling evidence that malnourishment is neither fully recognized nor treated in hospitals. Treating malnutrition can improve outcomes for hospitalized and unwell elderly individuals. Malnutrition and its debilitating outcomes

Global Economic Environment and Marketing Essay - 2

Global Economic Environment and Marketing - Essay Example The changes that have taken place in the world economy have led to the replacement of the traditional trade methods by capital movements. It can be observed that the global economy has given the local economies only a subordinate role in the market operations (Kotler et al., 2012). Economic systems have changed from what was traditionally known to new systems, which have taken into consideration the areas that are affected by globalization. The areas considered in modern economic systems include governance in various countries operating in the global market, capital and trade flows, hierarchy of command in terms of transport and communication, services funded through taxes and many others (Masterton &Pickton, 2004).The field of marketing in the global economy has experienced dynamic changes as well. Therefore, companies operating in the global economy should put into consideration these aspects and employ changes that fit the requirement of marketing in the modem global economy. The report will focus on McDonald, which is a multinational corporation operating in the fast food industry and supplying millions of customers across the world. (Solomon, 2009). The Macdonald Company has established its branches in almost all countries of the world. In this regard, the company experiences varied economic challenges and opportunities in different countries. With the current world economic state, the developing countries are struggling to better their economic status (Drummond et al., 2003).. In this case, the McDonald company experiences reduced economic gains in the developing countries compared to the developed nations. Another challenge that faces MacDonald Company in the global economy is the stiff competition in the developed economies. In this regard, it can be witnessed that operating in the international markets requires outstanding skills and knowledge since it involves dealing with high-level risk. Essentially, operating in a

Fashion Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Fashion Media - Essay Example Fashion writing may not follow the overall procedural and deontological aspects of professionalism in journalism, particularly because pieces of fashion will most likely be trends and tendencies that are purely subjective or speculative. Fashion writing encompasses a number of varied tasks including, but not limited to, writing or editing articles, formulation and styling of fashion shoots, researching and/or conducting interviews, as well as, establishing contacts with significant people in the fashion industry such as photographers, and designers. Fashion and media have been inseparable entities over the years since media plays a very significant core role in the fashion industry; this has instigated the rise of a distinctive area in media known as fashion journalism. Editorial critique, guidelines, and commentaries in television, magazines, newspapers, fashion websites, social networks, as well as, in fashion blogs over the internet have increasingly become significant outlets thr ough which trends and fashion tips spread worldwide. The primary significance of fashion media in the fashion industry can be inferred from the pervasiveness of fashion magazines and various media outlets through which people all over the world can learn about fashion making it accessible. Fashion magazines such as the Vogue or the Runway Magazine, fashion segments on entertainment shows, as well as shows dedicated to fashion such as Fashion Television, in addition to, fashion blogs and press coverage provides publicity for the fashion industry (Iannacci, 2011). Vogue fashion magazine Founded in 1892 by Arthur Turnure, the Vogue magazine is an American fashion and lifestyle magazine, which is... This essay describes the intricate relationship between fashion and media that has evolved over the years, leading to the establishment of the distinctive field of fashion writing or fashion journalism, which exclusively focuses on fashion trends and tendencies in the modern age. The primary significance of fashion media in the fashion industry can be associated with the ubiquity of fashion magazines and various media outlets through which people all over the world can learn about fashion making it accessible. In recent times, fashion has been re-evaluated, not only in terms of its credibility as an area of scholarly investigation, but also in terms of its place, particularly in western cultures. Fashion debates in fashion writing have often dwelt on the similarities and differences between fashion and art. The rise of innovative communication tools such as the internet and the pervasiveness of media in mainstream society have further enhanced the relationship between media and the f ashion industry. Presently, editorial critiques, guidelines, and commentaries in television, magazines, newspapers, fashion websites, social networks, as well as, in fashion blogs over the internet have increasingly become significant outlets through which trends and fashion tips spread worldwide. To conclude, the researcher sums up the purposes of modern fashion writing and states that fashion writing provides critiques of the fashion industry, particularly on new trends and tendencies, or pieces of designers in the fashion world.

University blackboard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

University blackboard - Essay Example If we consider the traditional definition of blackboard, it says, "A blackboard is a rectangular shaped, smooth, surface hard, dark-colored panel for writing on with white colored chalk". Such type of boards are still used in classrooms the world-over. White board has replaced the blackboard, with the writing material now multicolored sketch pens instead of chalks. But now we are living in the IT era. Blackboard is now known as something of a community portal. In the university environment students use it to interact with each other or with the tutor. In the formative years of IT era this concept was brought up initially within a LAN environment and this type of sharing was known as Bulletin Board arrangement. Now the term 'blackboard' encompasses many more dimensions including the worldwide web. Now it can be defined as a web-based software system which is used to for face to face teaching/ learning or distance education programmes and supports flexible teaching and learning. The bl ackboard also provides tools and facilities for managing the courses online, for managing and sharing the contents, for some online collaboration and communication with peer academicians and of course the assessment management. In a nutshell Blackboard can be defined as a system that facilitates and manages electronic communication and access to materials or information. Tutors use a blackboard for supporting our learning.Students are the saplings of a healthy society. ... iii. Students don't miss out on the days' lectures even if they could not attend the days' lecture. They can access the lecture-bank later. iv. Students can write back their doubts and messages for professors and fellow students. v. The student community can share valuable learning resources like module outlines, lecture notes, assignment briefs etc. vi. Blackboard can very well become a broadcast media for all students in communicating general announcements, emails etc. vii. The student community can make good use of the chat rooms. viii. Students can undertake online 'private group work, create e-portfolios and take short-answer tests and surveys. 3. Blackboard and the Staff Role of support staff in this teaching learning process is very crucial. For example if we take out the paramedical staff from hospital services, the hospital is no longer able to work, though doctor is considered to be the man responsible for curing the patient. Similarly the support staff provides the backbone to the teaching-learning processes. i. The IT staff has be very prompt in its reflexes for the network to work properly ii. In fact in blackboard learning experiences the roles and responsibilities of other support staff becomes secondary. iii. Making extensive use of University blackboard will make it convenient for the university staff to handle the students. iv. There will be least face to face interactions with students. At times students become very demanding, creating unpleasant scene for the staff. v. Management task becomes comparatively hassle-free. vi. Role of the course coordinator becomes very important as he is responsible for planning and coordinating the delivery of

Marketing Communication Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Communication Assignment - Essay Example Suddenly, the window falls right on his head and he discovers that the cable holding the window up had been cut. The wife and husband meet up in the hallway, trading fake pleasantries and smiles. The morning continues with more craziness as the couple continues to do harm to each other whilst completing their morning chores before heading off to work. The wife gets hit on the head with a strategically placed bowling ball. The husband sets fire to his hair and then takes a bad tumble down the stairs. Eventually, the husband ends up driving away leaving the wife in the house just as a large explosion is caused by the well placed metallic pan in the microwave in tandem with the open gas from the stoves. Pepsi's "Pepsi Grip" commercial begins with a horizon shot of a busy metropolitan city on a hot day, then focuses on a high-rise construction worker taking a sip out of a Pepsi bottle. A whistle from another worker gets the bottle passed along by drops, swings, throws and tosses in a daring way. Suddenly, someone misses a catch, and the Pepsi begins its freefall. A few stories below, a capable worker puts himself on the line by jumping off the scaffolding, hanging by his hands and caught the Pepsi with his feet. The ad ends with "New Pepsi Grip. Easy To Hold." Dial's "Happy Dog" ad starts off with a face shot of a

Summarise and Compare the Evidence for the Development of Agriculture Essay Example for Free

Summarise and Compare the Evidence for the Development of Agriculture Essay The two continents provide a very different insight into the development of agriculture. America with its slow alterations, for example the gathering that continued and the consistency of crops remaining in their natural habitat until much later for example the May grass. South West Asia reveals a different approach where although still gradual development the use of tools and grinders support the discovery of cultivation and domestication leading this continent towards villages and eventually civilizations with trade and travel as its force for change as early humans emulated and adapted. The southwest begins its agricultural shift in a position of power in comparison to the Americas. Varying plants and animals that could eventually be domesticated. The south west was ideal for hunting and gathering producing much flora and fauna with the 250mmr of rainfall. Significant changes occurred around 1100-9600 BC with the Younger Dryas cooling the terrain. Dependency on hunting may have proven a hardship and cultivation being more labour intensive yet reliable as means of control appears to have defined beginning as the environment returned and stabilised . By 6000BC agriculture proved successful and became widespread. This marked the beginning of the Neolithic villages and the eventual culture shift to ceramics and religion. North America had a later progress, the beginnings of cultivation began in Mesoamerica and may have spread north by migrates who imprinted their knowledge. Larger amounts of maize were discovered in smaller apparently less developed sites in South west north America showing an already developed cultigens in foreign terrain. South west Asia also saw a large spread out from the ‘hilly flanks’ referenced by Flannery. North America had limited cultigens in comparison to south west Asia. The Americas having s examples such as quash, maize, beans sump weed , sunflowers and beans. Asia produced wheat, barley, rye and an assortment of wild animals residing on the hilly flanks that could be successfully domesticated such as sheep and goats. South west Asia’s key produce was the Rye revealed by studies into the Jordan valley and Syria during the intensified cultivating years of the Neolithic period around 8800 BC. Leading to a population growth which does not become obvious in north America as nomadic living continues and although cultigens were successfully developed a dependency on hunting and gathering was favoured. Squash was used as floats for fishing and so thinner membranes were preferred later their touch exterior was preferred when needed as bowls. An example of change by humans. Social exchange features in both areas although it appears that the feasting theory is better supported by southwest Asia as Americas show a reluctance to settle and created lineages. At Carlston Annis, South west north America a much later site entering the woodland period provided human faecal matter that proved a major dependency on wild foods especially from the woods. It would appear that after thousands of years of cultivation with travel and trade the hunter gatherers still relied on the foods. This reluctance does not appear in southwest Asia. The manipulation of crops and animals provide direct link to the first semi-sedentary farmers called the Natufians in the late Epipaleolithic 12,000-9600. Material remains and cultural traits are in key areas, subsequent layers of deposits reveal long and repeated occupation. Stone implements as morters for grinding . The Natufians had also left the shelter of the cave to build their own structures ( Dorothy Garrod 1898-1968). The late Paleoindians relied on rock shelters and created major earthworks as shown at Koster in Illinois and Eva in Tennessee. Eva showing links to the earlier Paleo-Indian with its recognisable toolkit found in the archaic site ( The human past 2005). In conclusion these very different crops led to a very different pace of change between the two continents. Asia’s steady but sure cultivation started a fast pace route to civilisation that of which the Americas did not. The Americas environment allowed for small agriculturists with irrigation sites such as at La capas dating 1250 BC. A slow development in contrast to Asia. However the burials at Eva do mirror the evidence found in burial sites such as Ohalo 11: where burials have grave goods and signal some status. Hinting that cognitive development may have evolved just as Asia’s had but the need for agriculture was less intense therefore a later necessity for the north Americans. Bibleography The Human Past Chapter 6 Trevor Watkins, Chapter 9 David L. Browman, Gayle J. Fritz, Patty jo Watson. David j Meltzer 2005 2009 Thames and Hudson Limited .http://www. archaeology. org/9707/newsbriefs/squash. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution#Agriculture_in_the_Americas Part 2 Do you think changing climate was the key force accounting for the development of agriculture? The two continents America and Asia have a stark difference in the development of agriculture. Evidence of semi-sedentary living can be traced in Southwest Asia 20,000 years at Ohallo II. A ‘boom’ effect fallows the Younger Dryas , this climatic alteration coincides with villages such as Akrotiri . Great expansion also occurs in Israel and Jordan. Neve David is one example that existed in the heart of the Epipaleolithic and so must have been able to sustain and domesticate during this climate. Sites also developed during the drier, cooler Younger Dryas such as the Natufians and Abu Hureyra. The early Helocene was a moist climate, so the recovery of forestry may have provided more room for expansion given the tight years previously. Theories such as Demographic explanations for the development of agriculture, the oasis theory and hilly flanks all can coincide with the climatic alterations and suggest reasons for the expansion and successful development of agriculture. The oasis theory can be supported by the die back of forestry during the Younger Dryas, it can also be supported by the rising of sea levels at the end of the last Global Maximum. Space may have forced humans, plants and animals in closer proximity and therefore utilized each others recourses. Plants also showed a willingness to adapt to human interaction such as Barley developing a tougher rachis and animals co-existing to live off waste for example. The Americas give a good example of co-existing with its reluctance to give up the hunter gatherer way of life completely. The woodland eras caves provide remains that show wild foods were widely depended on and storage was key, rather than constant agriculture. Tools were designed for nomadic lifeways although were capable of processing cultivated foods such as Maize and Gourd. Although the nomadic life style of the north Americans the delayed acceptance of agriculturist means suggest a degree of free movement therefore the oasis theory may not be relevant in the Americas as with southwest Asia. The demographic theory details a supply and demand scenario. Southwest Asia’s many aceramic Neolithic settlements can support this theory as they grew and often extinguished themselves for example Catalhoyuk. Slash and burn techniques cleared forests and settlements meant birth rates were higher. The Helocene climate may have assisted in the population increase providing a reliable source of nourishment. Stable temperatures meant that earlier developed techniques could be used in abundance in contrast to earlier erratic climates that did not allow certain plants to reach full potential Plants put more energy into seed growing that wood fibres they adapted to the climate and so humans can be seen to have adapted also to suit the plants suggesting the evolutionary theory that he switch to agriculture was a natural development. Population increase remained low in north America and so the climatic revival appears to have no effect as such. The Hilly Flanks theory suggests a nutritious beginning of which the climate was able to sustain the ideal potential domesticates. This theory limits the geographical opportunity of the development of agriculture therefore suggests that climate change may have not been a key point in the development of agriculture as it appears to have occurred alternatively in a key area instead. This is supported by the agricultural development in Mesoamerica and the spread to the North. Examples being Squash in North America already showing signs of domestication even though new to the area. The feasting theory can be linked to the expansion and demographic theory and serves as an explanation for larger settlements leaving many artefacts such as grave goods and evidence of trade and travel. Catalhoyuk abundance and appreciation of goods is not match in early North America although appreciation of shells and beads are apparent. Travel and trade may have been possible due to the Holocene stable climate that was not possible previously and therefore and good candidate for techniques being emulated and therefore spreading, the Natufians for example. In conclusion the climatic was a key force in the development of agriculture, however as part of other key developments. No one theory explains the diversity in agricultures beginnings or its geographical variety. Climate does play an important role in providing these developments but alternative key forces such as the region, terrain, flora and fauna appear to dictate the place, success and timing of such developments, not the climatic situation alone. Humans domestication of animals features mainly in Asia, North America reveals very little. This would suggest that region and continent had more to dictate in the development of agriculture providing a ‘recipe’ rather than one ingredient that spurred a global change

A SWOT Analysis Of PTCL Systems

A SWOT Analysis Of PTCL Systems There is no skimpy competitor of PTCL in landline but with the growth of telecommunication business of Pakistan rivalry increasing specially in mobile phone sector. There are more then 800 million subscribers of cellular phone. There are 03 big players in mobile phone industry but 3 of them are the competitor of PTCL: Mobilink, Telenor, Warid Tel. Mobilink is the largest mobile phone company of Pakistan. Mobilink is currently having more then 31,958,597 users base which is the 36% of total cellular industry of Pakistan. Mobilink is basically challenging Ufone which is subsidiaries of PTCL. Telenor is another cell phone company it have 17,841,074 subscribers which is 20 % of total mobile industry. Warid Tel Waridtel is also providing cell phone services in Pakistan. Waridtel have more than 15,114,678 subscribers which are 17% of Pakistan mobile industry. NEW COMPETITORS Other than mobile land line PTCL is facing competition in F.W.T (Fixed Wireless Telephone) product market. Below are the main competitors. Telecard, World Call SWOT ANALYSIS OF PTCL Here I am giving my SWOT analysis of PTCL. I tried to use my keen observation in order to find the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. As it is very difficult for an internee to discuss with the employees of any organization about its weaknesses, moreover they are also not so much open in telling their strengths and opportunities. Where there is a company in operation it has to work in two kinds of environment i.e. The external environment and The internal environment of the company. For a company to avail maximum and avoid maximum, it has to know what it has to avail and what it has to avoid. The external environment has scanned by the management for any arising opportunities or any critical threats. The resources of a company constitute its strengths and weaknesses. External factors are broadly categorized into; Economic forces Social, cultural, demographic, and environmental forces Political, governmental and legal forces Technological forces Competitive forces etc Internal factors are; Marketing strength of firm Financial/Accounting resources Management Computer information system Production/operations etc Why SWOT analysis A SWOT Analysis is conducted by the company so that it is able to position itself to take advantage of particular opportunities in the environment and to avoid or minimize environmental threats. In doing so, the organization attempts to emphasize its strengths and moderate the impact of weaknesses. The analysis is also useful for uncovering strengths that have not been fully utilized and in identifying weaknesses that can be corrected. Matching information about the environment with the organizations capabilities enables management to formulate realistic strategies for attaining its goals. Strengths A professional management is running PTCL. PTCL Management is continuously allocating funds for new technology, enhancing knowledge pool, acquiring professionally skilled personnel and so many arrangements regarding meeting the requirements of rapidly changing environment. PTCL has the largest network coverage in the country including almost all the cities and their peripheries which others lack yet. The company has got a very vast and very strong infrastructure within the country based on the landline network PTCL is rich in assets as compared to others in the industry, as it possesses and owns all of its machinery, stations and places PTCL is the biggest data service in Pakistan home users. It provide dialup internet and also DSL services at low prices with unlimited download so PTCL by providing these services is getting its place in the market as a leader in data services providers. PTCL also provides the data services to other operators which include PIE (Pakistan Internet Exchange), DSL and provides domestic and international lease circuits. PTCL is offering many value added services to its home and corporate customers and which includes Toll Free 0800, UAN, UIN, VPN, and premium services 0900, voice messaging services (VMS). It has the largest no of employees in Pakistan. PTCL is providing its services in all over the Pakistan do it has large number of offices and telephone exchanges which contain large number of skilled and unskilled employees. It is also strengthen with state of the art technology. PTCL is keen to acquire new technologies to provide quality and valuable services to its customers. It provides maximum range of services. PTCL is the largest converged services carrier providing all telecommunication services from basic voice telephony to data, internet, video conferencing and carrier services and business all over the country. Weaknesses After the success and completion of Voluntary Separation Scheme (VSS), PTCL is facing shortage of the employees because some of the exchanges have been left non functional as all of the employees in those exchanges have opted the VSS and that had been approved after which the vacancies have not been filled yet. There is no job description at PTCL; the employees have made them at their own in the company among themselves. ERP department is under process of up gradation at presently which is costing a lot to the company in terms of both money and time as well. The clashes between new employees and the old regular employees affect the working of the company due to professional rivalry and discrimination. Reference check form is an important element of selection process of an employee, the company used reference check but there was no form designed for this purpose formally. PTCL is not providing customer services up to the mark. Poor customer services leads to customers dissatisfaction and cause disconnections which ultimately results in high mix rate. No company wants to have high churn rate. Opportunities PTCL has a vast network spread all over Pakistan. Due to its experience in the field of telecommunications and a trained workforce, PTCL has a great opportunity to do well in the deregulated scenario under the Etisalat Management. Privatization liberalization of IT sector. Wireless local loop (WLL) is the alternative for landline phone lines. PTCL has the great opportunity to expand its market through WLL base subscribers. PTCL has the great opportunity in data services. There is a great potential in data services market. Through proper segmenting the market, PTCL can explore new segments and can increase its business significantly. Threats Deregulations not only provide new opportunities but also pose some threats. Up till now PTCL is enjoying a monopoly in fix line telephony but after deregulation of telecom market PTCL is facing competition from other telecom companies. This may result in fall of traffic and revenue. Being a semi-government organization PTCL has direct effect of the political and domestic instability, which affects the working of the company. As government has permitted the reactivation of labor unions recently, it can be a serious threat to the company. The competitors of the company that are other telecom companies are well organized and well managed, they have their focus on the operations and on the competition in the market while PTCL is still under the process of reorganization and up-gradation. The company is facing new competitors, Wateen Telecom, in landline services which may offer a great competition to the company in landline and internet services in the country. Large number of disconnections has the greatest threats to PTCL. Which lowering the share of its prime business of land line phone. Conversion towards mobile. Increasing competitions between mobile companies resulting in better mobile packages. So its customers are switching towards mobile phones. New entrants in the markets. New companies are entering in voice and data services which can cause lowering the market share of the PTCL. Continuously decreasing call rates by mobile phone companies cause the low new connection rate. Because new customers preferring mobile phone instead of landline phones. Fiber optic damages are other threats to PTCL which cost a lot to the company. Recommendations No doubt PTCL financial results show a fair picture of its excellent performance over the year but it is not enough there are number of issues that need to be address in order to raise its performance and also to successfully face the challenges set by the globalization and rapidly changing economic world. On the basis of my experience I have put some recommendations and findings as under. I during the internship found out that there is poor staffing, some of the departments are over populated and some even dont have the number necessary to run the department. Customer services should be improved, that will help to improve customer satisfaction and results in low churn rate. PTCL should recheck its marketing strategies as currently very few people know the services offered by PTCL. It should install more billboards, use print and electronic Medias. Employees attitude and behavior towards work and customers must be improved as due to staff competition every individual customer is vital. Increase service offering at competitive and affordable rates. Minimize exposure to Governments (PTCL) revenue in the short term. Working environment should be improved by introducing good corporate culture in the organization so the employee satisfaction can be achieved, which results in low employee turnover. Coordination among the departments should be improved by introducing new practices through which department interact with each other properly. So they work together to achieve organizational goals. Strategies should be built by using proper market information, so the good strategies lead towards accomplishment of organizational goal efficiently. PTCL should also focus on WLL services which can be helpful in increasing its market size. PTCL should have more focus on data services which has the great potential and company has the sources to avail this opportunity. Proper segmentation should be done so the new segments can be explored and targeted. CONCLUSION PTCL is the largest telecommunications provider in Pakistan. The company maintains an important position in Pakistan as a communications provider to other telecom operators and corporate customers of the country. It has possible to be an instrumental agent in Pakistans economic growth. PTCL has laid an Optical Fiber Access system in the main urban centers of Pakistan and local loop services have started to be modernized and upgraded from copper to an optical network. PTCL have the monopoly in providing the Land-Line Telephone Connection in Pakistan and its playing its role magnificently. In current scenario PTCL has increases its Revenue quite dramatically and probably that as soon as this organization has become privatized it will flourish its revenue in better manner. PTCL should at once change its Finance upper level of chain of command and should stream line in the good manner. PTCL should also give confidence to the Billing On line system that each and every customer should have to pay his/her bill on line base. The system of E-PAYMENT which though survive in PTCL finance system but there is need of development in this facility. The image of PTCL being most important Telecom providing is not good in the eyes of ordinary customers particularly there are lot of complaints about including the bogus local calls in the monthly bills of various customers. PTCL should also give the detail of local calls made from any Land Line Number which would be provided in Micro level to the customer. Defective Telephone link should be Fault Free within 24 hours in order to maximize the Revenue, as Revenue of PTCL should give up at the cost of defective Telephone. PTCL should make Customer Care Centers in distant areas If I have to express my experience of internship in PTCL I would briefly say: PTCL is a good Organization in the way that anybody can join it for his/ her long-term career. Overall working environment is at ease. Management of branch cares a lot of its staff and considers them as the plus point of PTCL. The customers are entertained individually because customer is the king of all activities. Same kind of actions and attention is given to all the customers. Getting ideas for development from customer side is a new idea and that is working very well in PTCL. The customers are asked to fill a suggestion form and the standards of the organization are enhanced through them. In PTCL, all the activities are done on computers that enhance the organizations ability. I found my internship training at PTCL to be a very pleasing experience. The training was helpful because it helps me a lot to learn bout real life working environment.So far my learning is concerned; all the employees at branch were quite helpful. They helped me to understand the activities of an org to possible extent. Their good attitude gave me more self-confidence to learn more and to ask if I have any query in my mind.

Structure and Uses of Ibuprofen

Structure and Uses of Ibuprofen Abstract The Controlled-release dosage forms are formulated to release the drugs active ingredient gradually and predictably over an extended period of time that is something like 12 to 24 hour period. â€Å"These formulations potentially provide for greater effectiveness in the treatment of chronic conditions through more consistent delivery of the medication; reduced side effects; greater convenience; and higher levels of patient compliance due to a simplified dosage schedule, compared with those of immediate-release drugs†. Ibuprofen is a colourless, crystalline solid which is having a low soluble limits in water but it is having a better solublity in most organic solvents. â€Å"The main aim of this work is control the release of drug by encapsulating it in to coating materials like fattyacids (palmiticacid and pluronic F-127). Encapsulating of ibuprofen by using freeze drying technique in this technique Ibuprofen is encapsulated in to the fattyacid and pluronic (F127), these coating materials have the property of controlling the release of drug when the coated drug is entered in to the body the coating materials which surrounded to the drug is control the release of drug†. The release of encapsulated ibuprofen is determined by Flow through dissolution and UV- visible spectroscopy. INTRODUCTION 1. IBUPROFEN Ibuprofen is a colourless, crystalline solid which is having a very very low solubility limits I case of water but it is having comparabelly better soluble limits in case of organic solvents. The synthesis of ibuprofen was originally reported in 1964 from Ï -isobutyl- lacetophen but the drug was not marketed in the United States until 1974 despite the fact that it had been available for several years in Europe. â€Å"It was the indomethacin and was immediately accepted in therapy. Its success was a factor in the introduction of many new agents in the 1970s. Ibuprofen was the first aryl propionic acid derivative to be marketed in the United States†. This chemical class currently comprises of the largest group of NSAIDs under investigation with as many as 25 derivatives in various stages of development. â€Å"It recently became the first prescription NSAIA to become available as an over the counter analgesic in almost 30 years and is avialble under a number of trade names, It is also sometimes known as: Advil, Anadin Ibuprofen, Arthrofen, Brufen, Retard, Cuprofen, Fenbid; Galprofen, Hedex Ibuprofen, Ibufem; Librofem; Mandafen; Manorfen; Migrafen; Motrin; Nurofen; Obifen; Relcofen perhaps being among the more widely used. The continuing popularity of ibuprofen is evidenced by the appearance 200 prescription drugs in the United States†. IUPAC name : 2-[4-(2-methylpropyl) phenyl] propanoacid, Formula : C13H18O2, Molecular mass : 206.28, Melting point : 76  °C (1. 69  °F) Bioavailability : 49-73, Protein binding : 99%, Metabolism : Hepatic, Half life : 1.8-2 hours, Excretion : Renal. 1.1 Structure of Ibuprofen Structure of IBUPROFEN Ibuprofen is a white powder belonging to the propionic acid derivatives, with a melting point of 74 77 ° C. It is only slightly soluble in water but readily soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol. It is a chiral compound; racemic Ibuprofen is usually used, although only one form is active medicinally. â€Å"Ibuprofen is made up of covalently-bonded carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. 2 CH3 molecules are single-bonded to a CH molecule The CH molecule is bonded to a carbon atom that forms a 6-sided ring of carbon atoms†. Another CH molecule is single-bonded to a carbon atom on the other side of the ring. Inside the ring there are 3 double bonds between carbon atoms. Then another CH3 molecule and a COOH molecule are both single bonded to the CH molecule on the right. Because it is nonsteroidal, it is widely used as it does not upset the hormonal balance in the body. Its anti-inflammatory, analgesic (pain relieving) and antipyretic (fever reducing) actions are co moderate pain such as headache, toothache, and migraine as well as symptoms of fever. 1.2 Stereochemistry Ibuprofen contains a chiral carbon in the ∞ position of the propionate moiety. As such, there are two possible enantiomers of ibuprofen, with the potential for different biological effects and metabolism for each enantiomer. Indeed it was found that (S)(+)- ibuprofen (dexibuprofen) was the active form both in vitro and in vivo, because of this reason the ibuprofen is marketed as a single enantiomer as occurs with naproxen and other NSAIDs. And the in vivo experiments revealed the existence of an Isomerase (2-arylpropionylco-A epimerase) which converted (R) -ibuprofen to the active (S)-enantiomer .Most of the ibuprofen formulations are marketed as racemic mixtures. Racemic ibuprofen is an important NSAID used in the treatment of pain and inflammation in a variety of musculoskeletal rheumatic disorders. 1.3 Synthesis â€Å"There have been many commercial and laboratory publications for the synthesis of Ibuprofen. Two of the most popular ways to obtain Ibuprofen are the Boot process and the Hoechst process. The Boot process is an older commercial process developed by the Boot Pure Drug Company, and the Hoechst process is a newer process developed by the Hoechst Company. Most of these routes to Ibuprofen begin with isobutyl benzene and use Friedel-Crafts acylation. The Boot process requires six steps, while the Hoechst process, with the assistance of catalysts, is completed in only three steps†. Cheminor Drugs have developed a process for an improved version of ibuprofen based on chiral synthesis. The move is significant given that pure S-Ibuprofen (the active form of ibuprofen) could near halve the regular ibuprofen dosage, besides improving the side-effect profile. However the human body can convert the inactive (R) form into the (S) form, so eventually 100% of the ibuprofen taken becomes active. The process discovered by Cheminor is therefore unlikely to have commercial significance. [6] 1.4 Mechanism of action: â€Å"Ibuprofen is an NSAID which is believed to work through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), thus inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. There are at least 2 variants of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2). Ibuprofen inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2. It appears that its analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity is achieved principally through COX-2 inhibition; whereas COX-1 inhibition is responsible for its unwanted effects on platelet aggregation and the GI mucosa†. The role of the individual COX isoforms in the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and gastric damage effects of NSAIDs is uncertain and different compounds cause different degrees of analgesia and gastric damage. 1.5 Absorption and metabolism: Ibuprofen is quite rapidly absorbed when it is admistered orally we can witness the peak plasma levels are obtained withan 2hours time.† As with most of these acidic NSAIDs , ibuprofen(pka=4.43) is extensively bound to the plasma proteins(99%) and will interact with other acidic drugs which are protein bound. Metabolism occur rapidly and the drug is nearly completely excreted in the urine as UN changed drug and oxidative metabolites with in 24 hrs following administration†. Metabolism involves primarily ω-1and ω-2 oxidation of the Ï -iso butyl side chain, followed by alcohol oxidation of the primary alcohol resulting from the ω-oxidation to the corresponding carboxylic acid. All metabolites are essentially in active. When Ibuprofen id administered as the individual enantiomers, the major metabolites isolated are the (+)-isomers regardless of the configuration of the administered enantiomer.intrestingley, the (R)(-)-enantiomer is inverted to the (S)-(+)-enant iomer in vivo, accounting for the observation that the two enantiomers are bioequivalent In vivo. 1.6 Ibuprofen uses: Ibuprofen is used to relief the symptoms of a wide range of illnesses such as headaches, backache, period pain, dental pain, neuralgia, rheumatic pain, muscular pain, migraine, cold and flu symptoms and arthritis. Recently evidence has emerged suggesting that ibuprofen is effective in the treatment of Alzheimers disease. 1.7 Ibuprofen side effects Ibuprofen is regarded as the first choice drug in its class due to the low number of side effects and complications associated with it. The most frequent type of adverse reaction occurring with ibuprofen is gastrointestinal. In clinical trials, the percentage of patients reporting one or more gastrointestinal complaints ranged from 4% to 16%. Common Side Effects: stomach upset or irritation Infrequent Side Effects: nausea and/or vomiting, constipation, diarrhoea Rare Side Effects: skin irritations, drowsiness, gastrointestinal bleeding Ibuprofen has the lowest incidence of gastrointestinal adverse effects, reactions of all the non selective NSAIDS. However this only holds true in case of lower doses of ibuprofen, so over the counter preparation of ibuprofen are generally labelled to advise a maximum daily dose of 1,200 mg. 1.8 Risks involved 1.8.1 Cardiovascular Risk: Along with several other NSAIDs, ibuprofen has been implicated in elevating the risk of myocardial infarction, particularly among those chronically using high doses. 1.8.2 Risks in Pregnancy: Ibuprofen consumption should be avoided in late pregnancy due to risk of premature closure of the ducts arteries in the fetal heart. 1.8.3 Risks in Inflammatory Bowel Disease â€Å"Ibuprofen should not be used regularly in individuals with Inflammatory Bowel Diseas (IBD-Crohns Disease and Ulcerative Colitis)due to its ability to cause gastric bleeding and form ulceration in the gastric lining. Drugs such as Advil should be avoided in persons afflicted with IBD. Pain relievers such as Tylenol (containing acetaminophen) or drugs containing Codeine (which slows down bowel activity) are safer methods than Ibuprofen for pain relief in IBD†. Ibuprofen is also known to cause worsening of IBD during times of a flare-up, thus should be avoided completely. 1.8.4Drug-Drug Interactions Ibuprofen is associated with several suspected or other probable interactions that can affect the action of other drugs .Ibuprofen leads to the increased levels of lithium leading to the reduction of lithium excretion from the kidneys, and this may lead to lithium toxicity. Ibuprofen may lead to the lowering of blood pressure because prostaglandins play an important role in reducing the blood pressure. Ibuprofen is used in combination with amino glycosides for e.g.: The blood levels of gentamycin may increase presumably because the elimination of amino glycosides from the body is reduced and may lead to amino glycoside side effect. 1.9. Absorption and Metabolism Ibuprofen is rapidly absorbed on oral administration with peak plasma levels being generally attained with in 2hrs. As with most of these acidic NSAIDs , ibuprofen(pka=4.43) is extensively bound to the plasma proteins(99%) and will interact with other acidic drugs which are protein bound. Metabolism involves primarily ω-1and ω-2 oxidation of the Ï -iso butyl side chain, followed by alcohol oxidation of the primary alcohol resulting from the ω-oxidation to the corresponding carboxylic acid. All the metabolites are essentially inactive. The (R)(-)-enantiomer is inverted to the (S)-(+)-enantiomer in vivo, accounting for the observation that the two enantiomers are bioequivalent In vivo. 1.9 Mechanism of Action Ibuprofen is an NSAID which is believed to work through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), thus inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis. Prostaglandins are produced in response to injury or certain diseases 2 variants of cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2). Ibuprofen inhibits both COX-1 and COX-2. It appears that its analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity is achieved principally through COX-2 inhibition; whereas COX-1 inhibition is responsible for its unwanted effects on platelet aggregation and the GI mucosa. The role of the individual COX Isoforms in the Analgesic, Antiinflammatory, and the Gastric damage and affects of NSAIDs is uncertain and different degrees of Analgesia and Gastric damage occur. 1.10 Controlled Release Mechanisms Controlled release implies regulation of the delivery of a a drug by a device the control is aimed at delivering the drug at a specific rate for a definite period of time independent of the local environments. Controlled release may also incorporate methods of promote localization of drug at an active site. Site specific and targeted delivery systems are the descriptive term used to denote this type of control. The periods of delivery are much longer than in case of sustained release and may vary from days to years. Controlled release mechanism is designed to release the drug in vivo according to predictable rates that can be verified by in-vitro measurements. Controlled release technology implies a quantities understanding of the physic chemical mechanism of drug availability to the extent that the dosage form release rate can be specified. Potential development s and new approaches to oral controlled release drug delivery systems, intragastric floating tablets, Trans mucosal tablets and micro porous membrane coated tablets . An example of application to the controlled release technology to dosage form design consists of a polymer matrix in which a drug containing solution is dispersed in the form of micro cells. The barrier permeability and the drug solubility in the dispersed solution are variables that can be adjusted to provide predictable drug release rates. All pharmaceutical dosage forms should be controlled release formulations -with rate specified and bioavailability assured by the drug delivery design. There are three types of controlled release mechanisms: Ø Diffusion Ø Swelling Ø Degradation 2 .Palmitic acid Palmitic acid,CH3(CH2)14COOH or hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature, is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from palm trees (palm oil and palm kernel oil). Palmitate is a term for the salts or esters of palmitic acid. The palmitate anion is the observed form of palmitic acid at physiological pH. CAS number 57-10-3 Molecular formula C16H32O2 Molar mass 256.42 g/mol Appearance White crystals Density 0.853 g/cm3 at 62  °C Melting point 63-64  °C Boiling point 351-352  °C[2] 215  °C at 15 mmHg Solubility in water Insoluble 2.1 Biochemistry â€Å"Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during lipogenesis (fatty acid synthesis) and from which longer fatty acids can be produced. Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl- CoA carboxyl(ACC) which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA which is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation. Reduction of palmitic acid yields cetyl alcohol†. 2.2 Uses Derivatives of palmitic acid were used in combination with naphtha during World War II to produce napalm (aluminum naphthenate and aluminum palmitate). [6] â€Å"The World Health Organization claims there is convincing evidence that dietary intake of palmitic acid increases risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. However, possibly less-disinterested studies have shown no ill effect, or even a favorable effect, of dietary consumption of palmitic acid on blood lipids and cardiovascular disease, so that the WHO finding may be deemed controversial.[8] However, another study showed that palmitic acid has no hypercholesterolaemic effect if intake of linoleic acid is greater than 4.5% of energy. On the other hand, it was shown that, if the diet contains trans fatty acids, the health effects are negative, causing an LDL cholesterol increase and HDL cholesterol decrease†. â€Å"Recently, a long-acting anti-psychotic medication, paliperidone palmitate (marketed as INVEGA Sustenna), used in the treatment of schizophrenia, has been synthesized using the oily palmitate ester as a long-acting release carrier medium when injected intramuscularly. The underlying method of drug delivery is similar to that used with decanoic acid to deliver long-acting depot medication, in particular, neuroleptics such as haloperidol decanoate†. 3 .Pluronic F-127 Pluronic F127 is a difunctional block copolymer surfactant terminating in primary hydroxyl groups. A non-ionic surfactant that is 100% active and relatively nontoxic. 3.1 Specifications Cloud point (10% aqueous)†¦.. >100 °C Color, APHA †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 120 max. Water, weight %†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Cast Solid-0.4 max. Prill/Micropastille-0.75 max. pH (2.5% aqueous)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6.0 7.0 3.2 Typical physical properties Form†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Cast solid /Prill /Micropastille Average molecular weight†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ 12600 Specific gravity, 77 °/25 °C†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1.05 Viscosity, cps at 77 °C †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3100 Melt Point†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 56 °C Cloud point (1% aqueous)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦ >100 °C Foam height (Ross Miles, 0.1% aqueous at 50 °C)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 40 mm Surface tension (0.1% aqueous)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 41 dynes/cm at25 °C HLB†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 − 23 Solubility in water at 25 °C†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. >10% Wetting, Draves Sink Time (3-gm hook, 0.1% aqueous at 25 °C)†¦.. >360 seconds â€Å"Pluronicf-127 is polymer with an additional property in aqueous solution which will covert from its liquid state to that of a non fluid hydrogel, which is a main characteristic of the protein drug delivery system†.Pluronic-f127 is also considered as an Thermo Reversible Gelatine of the co-polymer f127 whose generic name is 407 in water makes it an unique candidate for Microencapsulaton application â€Å"Pluronic-f127 is a surfactant molecule with highly beneficial characteristics that makes it a strong candidate for protein drug delivery system. Its interaction with the polypeptides is most likely of minimisation of potential energy by mutual exclusion of hydrophobic residues from the aqueous medium as was predicted by computer probing and verified by fluorescent probing†. 4. Microencapsulation This is a process by which very tiny droplets or particles of liquid or solid material are surrounded or coated with a continuous film of polymeric material. These micro-capsules have a number of benefits such as converting liquids to solids, separating reactive compounds, providing environmental protection, improved material handling properties. Active materials are then encapsulated in micron-sized capsules of barrier polymers (gelatin, plastic, wax, ). â€Å"The reasons for micro encapsulation are countless. In some cases, the core must be isolated from its surroundings, as in isolating vitamins from the deteriorating effects of oxygen, retarding evaporation of a volatile core, improving the handling properties of a sticky material, or isolating a reactive core from chemical attack. In other cases, the objective is not to isolate the core completely but to control the rate at which it leaves the microcapsule, as in the controlled release of drugs or pesticides†. The problem may be as simple as masking the taste or odour of the core, or as complex as increasing the selectivity of an adsorption or extraction. 4.1 Micro encapsulation techniques: *Physical methods of encapsulation > Rotary disk atomization > Fluid bed coating > Stationary nozzle co extrusion > Centrifugal head co extrusion > Submerged nozzle co extrusion > Spray drying > Pan coating * Chemical methods of encapsulation > Phase separation > Solvent evaporation > Solvent extraction > Interfacial polymerization > Simple and complex coacervation > In-situ polymerization > Liposome technology * Shell materials used for en capsulation > Proteins > Polysaccharides > Starches > waxes > Fats > Natural and synthetic polymers > Resins 4.2 Chemicals used in this experiment: Drug: IBUPROFEN Coating polymer: pvp and pluronic (f77) Phosphate buffer (7.4) Composition of phosphate buffer Ø Potassium chloride Ø Sodium chloride Ø Potassium di hydro ortho phosphate Sodium di hydro ortho phosphate 6. Freeze Drying: Freeze-drying (also known as lyophilisation or cry desiccation) is a dehydration process typically used to preserve a perishable material or make the material more convenient for transport. Freeze-drying works by freezing the material and then reducing the surrounding pressure and adding enough heat to allow the frozen water in the material to sublime directly from the solid phase to gas. There are several stages involved in the freeze drying process 6.1 Freezing stage: â€Å" The freezing process consists of freezing the material. In a lab, this is often done by placing the material in a freeze-drying flask and rotating the flask in a bath, called a shell freezer, which is cooled by mechanical refrigeration, dry ice and methanol, or liquid nitrogen. On a larger-scale, freezing is usually done using a freeze-drying machine. In this step, it is important to cool the material below its eutectic point, the lowest temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of the material can coexist. This ensures that sublimation rather than melting will occur in the following steps. Larger crystals are easier to freeze-dry. To produce larger crystals, the product should be frozen slowly or can be cycled up and down in temperature. This cycling process is called annealing. However, in the case of food, or objects with formerly-living cells, large ice crystals will break the cell walls (discovered byClarence Birdseye)†. Usually, the freezing temperatures ar e between -50  °C and -80  °C. The freezing phase is the most critical in the whole freeze-drying process, because the product can be spoiled if badly done. Amorphous (glassy) materials do not have an eutectic point, but do have a critical point, below which the product must be maintained to prevent melt-back or collapse during primary and secondary drying. 6.2 Primary drying: â€Å" Primary drying can reduce the moisture content of a freeze dried solid to around 0.5%. Further reduction can be effected by secondary drying. During the primary drying, the latent heat of sublimation must be provided and the vapour removed. enough heat is supplied to the material for the water to sublimate In this initial drying phase, about 95% of the water in the material is sublimated. This phase may be slow (can be several days in the industry), because, if too much heat is added, the materials structure could be altered†. 6.3 Secondary drying: The removal of residual moisture at the end o primary drying is performed by raising the temperature of the solid to as high as 50 °C or 60 °C. A high temperature is permissible for many materials because the small amount of moisture remaining is not sufficient to cause spoilage 6.4 Freeze drying advantages: Drying takes place at very low temperatures, so that enzyme action is inhibited and chemical decomposition, particularly hydrolysis, is minimised. The solution is frozen such that the final dry product is a net work of solid occupying the same volume as the original solution. Thus the product is light and porous. The porous form of the product gives ready solubility. There is no concentration of the solution prior to drying. Hence, salts do not concentrate and denature proteins, as occurs with other drying methods. As the process takes place under high vacuum there is little contact with air, and oxidation is minimized. 6.5 Freeze drying disadvantages: The porosity, ready solubility and complete dryness yield a very hygroscopic product. Unless products are dried in their final container and sealed in situ, packaging requires special conditions. The process is very slow and uses complicated plant, which is very expensive. It is not a general method of drying, therefore, but is limited to certain types of valuable products which, because of their heat sensitivity, cannot be dried by any other means. 7 Apparatus used for the experiment : 7.1 Uv_visible spectroscopy: â€Å" A diagram of the components of a typical spectrometer is shown in the following diagram. The functioning of this instrument is relatively straightforward. A beam of light from a visible and/or UV light source (colored red) is separated into its component wavelengths by a prism or diffraction grating. Each monochromatic (single wavelength) beam in turn is split into two equal intensity beams by a half-mirrored device†. One beam, the sample beam (colored magenta), passes through a small transparent container (cuvette) containing a solution of the compound being studied in a transparent solvent. The other beam, the reference (colored blue), passes through an identical cuvette containing only the solvent. The intensities of these light beams are then measured by electronic detectors and compared. The intensity of the reference beam, which should have suffered little or no light absorption, is defined as I0. The intensity ofthe sample beam is defined as I. Over a short perio d of time, the spectrometer automatically scans all the component wavelengths in the manner described. The ultraviolet (UV) region scanned is normally from 200 to 400 nm, and the visible portion is from 400 to 800 nm. [11] Components of UV_ visible spectroscopy 7.2 Instrumentation: Source of light: The best source of light that which is more stable more intense and which gives range of spectrum from 180-360nm.The different sources available are: Hydrogen discharge lamp:It is more stable robust and widely used.It gives radiation from 120-350nm.The lamp consist of hydrogen under pressure. Deuterium lamp: It is similar to hydrogen discharge lamp, but filled with deuterium in the place of hydrogen.It offers 3-5 times more intensity than other types.This is most widely used but expensive. Xenon discharge lamp: In this lamp, xenon at 10-30 atmospheric pressure is filled in and has two tungsten electrodes. The intensity is greater than hydrogen discharge lamp. Mercury arc: This contains mercury vapour and offers bands which are sharp.The spectrum is not continuous. Monochromaters: â€Å"Grating monochromaters are used, filters and prism monochromaters are not used because of low resolution.On the other hand gratings provide a band pass of 0.4 to 2nm.Hence they are more widely used incase of expensive spectrophotometers.The mirrors ,gratings are made up of quartz since glass absorbs uv radiation from 200-300nm.Mirrors are front surfaced to prevent absorption of radiation†. Sample Cells: â€Å"The design of sample cells used is similar to that used in colorimetry expect that it is made up of quartz. Quartz cells only must be used in uv spectroscopy since glass cells will absorb uv radiation.The pathlength of the cells are 10mm or 1cm†. Solvents: â€Å"solvent plays an important role in uv spectra, since compound peak could be obscured by solvent peak.Hence the solvent for a sample is selected in such a way that solvent neither absorbs in the region of measurement nor affects the absorption of the sample†. Detectors: Although any one of the detectors used in colorimetry can be used, photomultiplier tubes are mainly used, since the cost of such UV spectrophotometers are high and more accurate measurements are to be made. Single beam and double beam UV spectrophotometers are used. 7.3.Beers law (related to concentration of absorbing species): Beers law states that the intensity of beam of monochromatic light decreases exponentially with increase in the concentration of absorbing species arithmetically. Lamberts law (related to thickness/ path length of absorbing species): Lamberts law states that the rate of decrease of intensity (monochromatic light) with the thickness of the medium is directly proportional to the intensity of incident light. Beer-Lambert Law: The beer lamberts law states that absorbance of a solution is directly proportionally to the concentration of the solution. A = −log_{10}(I/I_0) = epsiloncdot ccdot L, The beer-lambert law is useful for characterizing of the compounds but does not hold as a universal relationship for the concentration and absorption of all species. Applications: It is mainly used in the detection of impurities. It is used in the structure elucidation of organic compounds. And also used in the analysis of organic compounds. Detrmination of molecular weight. Determination of dissociation constant of acids and bases. 7.4 Flow through dissolution apparatus: â€Å"The flow-through cell is a suitable method for dissolution studies of poorly soluble drugs. The dissolution can be influenced by changing parameters in the apparatus and by changing the physical properties of the drug and the medium used. In this study the dissolution of ibuprofen was examined†. Results showed that a smaller particle size gave a higher dissolution rate. With a dose of 50mg a higher percent dissolved was obtained compared to a dose of 100mg. However, a larger mass (mg) was dissolved when the dose of 100mg was used. When using a cell diameter of 12mm instead of a cell diameter of 22.6mm the dissolution rate increased. A larger dissolution rate was also obtained when the flow of the medium was increased. Finally the effect of changing medium was examined. Results showed that by including a surfactant to the medium a drastic increase of the dissolution rate was obtained. The flow-through cell has since the 90s been used as an alternative method for dissolution studies . It has some advantages over previous dissolution methods. It is easier to retain sink condition, i.e. to keep a sufficiently low concentration in the remaining solution. This makes it possible to keep a constant diving force (=concentration difference) the whole time during the release experiment. The concentration should not exceed one third of the saturated. The medium can be changed automatically during the study which is very useful in in vitro in vivo studies . Previous studies have showed the importance of deaeration of the dissolution medium, how the packing of the cell can influence the dissolution and that the results obtained with the flow-through cell are more reproducible than obtained with previous methods as dissolution baths In this study the dissolution of ibuprofen was examined in the flow-through cell. Six parameters were of interest: The packing of the cell The particle size of the drug The dose The volume flow of the medium through the cell The cell diameter The medium Desirable results were good reproducibility, i.e. small standard deviation between tests and cells, and to maintain sink condition during the experiment. Advantages : Laminar flow characteristics over a wide range of solvent flow rates Infinite sink ideal for low solubility drugs Differential rather than cumulative time profile o

Gordon Wood’s Radicalism of the American Revolution Essay -- Essays on

Gordon Wood’s Radicalism of the American Revolution is a book that extensively covers the origin and ideas preceding the American Revolution. Wood’s account of the Revolution goes beyond the history and timeline of the war and offers a new encompassing look inside the social ideology and economic forces of the war. Wood explains in his book that America went through a two-stage progression to break away from the Monarchical rule of the English. He believes the pioneering revolutionaries were rooted in the belief of an American Republic. However, it was the radical acceptance of democracy that was the final step toward independence. The transformation between becoming a Republic, to ultimately becoming a democracy, is where Wood’s evaluation of the revolution differs from other historians. He contributes such a transformation to the social and economic factors that faced the colonists. While Gordon Wood creates a persuasive argument in his book, he does how ever neglect to consider other contributing factors of the revolution. It is these neglected factors that provide opportunity for criticism of his book. The overall feeling one gets from reading Wood’s book is that republicanism was not a radical concept to the American colonists. Wood believed the American colonists had a deep- rooted concept of Republicanism that existed before revolutionary ideas were conceived. The idea of republicanism could be seen in the colonial belief in independence and self-sacrifice. These principles were the founding forces that led to the beginning of the revolution. Wood would seem to believe that these founding forces were not as radical as the transformation to democratic thought. It is here that Wood points out the â€Å"uncontrolla... ... social and economic forces with those of traditional forces his book would have a better claim on legitimacy. Gordon Wood gives an interesting insight into the Revolution. Overall, I find Wood’s argument to be persuasive and refreshing. There is little doubt that the forces that Wood proclaims as significant in his history of the Revolution are important. However, it is this same concentration on non-traditional forces that leads to my criticism of his book. Wood should not have focused entirely on his commonly overlooked social and economic forces. Instead, he should have combined his insight along with the insight of other traditional forces to give his book a well-rounded theory behind the American Revolution. Work Cited Gordon S. Wood. The Radicalism of the American Revolution. Vintage; Reprint edition. March 2, 1993

Three Lives :: Women Feminism Facism Essays

Three Lives Maria drew dark lines underneath her lashes and on the tops of her lids. She began to smooth her skirt and her hair when Marco banged on the door of the bathroom and yelled that her turn was up. Between the family of ten, there was only one bathroom and three bedrooms. Maria’s older brothers had to share the living room, and the baby was in a crib next to her parents’ bed. She walked into the kitchen and her mother rolled her eyes at Maria when she saw the way she was done up, and Maria gave a piercing stare in return. She knew that looks were important, and that hers would win her a successful husband someday. Her hope was that she would not have to bear one child after the other the way her mother did in an effort to get the large family award. Maria had no interest in school, or reading, for she knew that these would get her nowhere. Her mother had been educated and had worked in a post office until recently, when a new law was passed. Maria thought that it was irresponsible of her mother to have a job, anyway. She should be tending to the family, not worrying about her career. Women were restricted from so many jobs, the most reliable (and natural) plan was that of becoming a housewife. Maria had never considered doing otherwise. Woman, made to ripen a child within her body for three-quarters of the year, made to nourish this child, with a secretion of her organism, for longer than a year, endowed with qualities that make her able to raise and educate the child at least through adolescence, nevertheless receives, in our civilization, the same education as if her functions were equal to man’s (Ferdinando Loffredo, Pickering-Iazzi, 30). Maria was sitting up straight at her desk in the classroom. Her teacher was boasting of his position in the Party. He called on Marco to have him speak of his loyalty to Il Duce. Marco said the same phrases that he heard spoken by his father every day in favor of Il Duce. Maria looked out the window. She was not listening to her brother, but daydreaming. She pictured herself the wife of an accomplice of Mussolini, and knew that nothing would make her more proud. A successful future in the party would therefore be inevitable for her children. Three Lives :: Women Feminism Facism Essays Three Lives Maria drew dark lines underneath her lashes and on the tops of her lids. She began to smooth her skirt and her hair when Marco banged on the door of the bathroom and yelled that her turn was up. Between the family of ten, there was only one bathroom and three bedrooms. Maria’s older brothers had to share the living room, and the baby was in a crib next to her parents’ bed. She walked into the kitchen and her mother rolled her eyes at Maria when she saw the way she was done up, and Maria gave a piercing stare in return. She knew that looks were important, and that hers would win her a successful husband someday. Her hope was that she would not have to bear one child after the other the way her mother did in an effort to get the large family award. Maria had no interest in school, or reading, for she knew that these would get her nowhere. Her mother had been educated and had worked in a post office until recently, when a new law was passed. Maria thought that it was irresponsible of her mother to have a job, anyway. She should be tending to the family, not worrying about her career. Women were restricted from so many jobs, the most reliable (and natural) plan was that of becoming a housewife. Maria had never considered doing otherwise. Woman, made to ripen a child within her body for three-quarters of the year, made to nourish this child, with a secretion of her organism, for longer than a year, endowed with qualities that make her able to raise and educate the child at least through adolescence, nevertheless receives, in our civilization, the same education as if her functions were equal to man’s (Ferdinando Loffredo, Pickering-Iazzi, 30). Maria was sitting up straight at her desk in the classroom. Her teacher was boasting of his position in the Party. He called on Marco to have him speak of his loyalty to Il Duce. Marco said the same phrases that he heard spoken by his father every day in favor of Il Duce. Maria looked out the window. She was not listening to her brother, but daydreaming. She pictured herself the wife of an accomplice of Mussolini, and knew that nothing would make her more proud. A successful future in the party would therefore be inevitable for her children.

Sylvia Plaths Mirror Essay -- Papers Sylvia Plath Poem Poetry Essays

Sylvia Plath's Mirror Sylvia Plath's "Mirror" offers a unique perspective on the attitudes of aging. "Mirror" displays tremendous insight and objectivity into the natural human behavior of growing older. Plath is able to emphasize the loneliness, hope, despair, and insecurity that awaits us through mankind's incessant addiction with reflection. "Mirror" expresses the problems associated with aging through terse comparisons between reality and desire. Plathe's strength of "Mirror" lies in its ability to establish a solid comparison among appearance and human emotions between the first and second stanzas. At first "Mirror" introduces reflection as a precise and accurate force through utilizing the first person perspective of a mirror: "I am silver and exact. I have no preconceptions. Whatever I see I swallow immediately Just as it is, unmisted by love or dislike. I am not cruel, only truthful.." (Plathe lines 1-4) This example can then be viewed symbolically of appearance especially concerning "love or dislike". In that people never hate nor adore their features but merely accept that what they see is what defines them. This faith is reinforced by the quality and type of reflection because it is originating from a mirror which is suppose to be exact, honest, and universal for all. Plathe understanding these principles describes the reflection process by instilling this object with living characteristics such as thought, sight, and a lifestyle: "Most of the time I meditate on the opposite wall. It is pink with speckles. I have looked at it so long I think it is part of my heartà ¢? ¦Faces and darkness separate us over and over." (Pl... ... that not only destroys our reflection but also ones sense of identity, purpose, and confidence. The critical comparisons found in Sylvia Plath's "mirror" portray a distinctive attitude towards aging. Through contrasting the two separate stanzas the messages of desire, reality, individuality, fear, and insecurity are all demonstrated. Once the essence of Plathe's attitude is unlocked in "mirror" the emotion behind the writing is seen as the motivation for a tone that displays intense longing or weariness towards life. This becomes epitomized throughout Plathe's presentation as it utilizes age as a catalyst for the deterioration of the human spirit. Works Cited: Plath, Sylvia. ?Mirror.? The Language of Literature: American Literature. Eds. Arthur N. Applebee et al. Evanston: McDougal Littel, 1997. 252.

Relationships And Communication In A Classroom Education Essay

The schoolroom is comparable to the Broadway phase for so many instructors. It is their topographic point to reflect and stand out in their chosen calling. They both are greeted with an audience, who expect them to execute to the best of their abilities, they are frequently placed under examination but as an perceiver, if we take a measure back, it becomes clear that many factors play a portion in these performing artists shows. Learning is imperative in schoolrooms, it is the instructor ‘s responsibility to guarantee that pupils are larning, nevertheless it is besides of import, that within a schoolroom scene, the instructor besides learns from/ about the pupil. Learning would non take topographic point without communicating in the schoolroom. Often times you hear statements such as â€Å" she knows the content, she merely ca n't learn us † , this is due to a dislocation in communicating between the instructor and their pupils. This dislocation can be a consequence of a hapless teacher-student relationship, which once more affects pupils larning. It is obvious that these three factors are connected with relation to the schoolroom, nevertheless for the intent of this essay, I will discourse each factor separately. I will seek to associate my findings to my capable sphere, Physical Education, and as a consequence, become cognizant of the factors that will act upon acquisition, relationships and c ommunicating in my PE schoolroom. From looking at journal articles, it seems there is rather a positive correlativity between degrees of ego regard and academic accomplishment ( Torres, 1995 ) . Those who are confident and comfy in themselves tend to hold better classs than those enduring with low ego regard. Research has shown that relationships hold an consequence on ego regard. Bowlbey ( 1982 ) identified that pupil ‘s self esteem issues are rooted from place, if a parent-child relationship was secure, caring and supportive, this would hold a positive impact on the young person, therefore increasing their self-pride. Agirdag ( 2012 ) developed this thought farther and identified that pupil ‘s ego regard can increase due to a positive relationship between them and their instructor, taking to an addition in academic public presentation and motive. For this ground, the student-teacher relationship is of the highest importance in schoolrooms. It is critical, as pedagogues that we do our uttermost to better and increase our pupils self esteem as we want each pupil to accomplish their possible. Assorted surveies have looked at what adolescents position as the â€Å" most of import † constituents of self-esteem. They have found that â€Å" physical visual aspect † tops the list, followed by â€Å" societal credence † ( Kutob, 2010 ) . As a preparation physical pedagogue, I feel this is highly of import to our subject and it is an country where we can do a existent impact on pupils. We have the flexibleness within our capable to cater for both constituents, particularly physical visual aspect. As a PE instructor, I will seek to better ego regard and assistance overall pupil development by learning my pupils the healthy manner to do a difference to their visual aspect. Whetestone ( 2007 ) carried out a survey of over 5000 young persons and found that male childs who perceived themselves as either underweight or overweight were significantly associated with self-destructive actions or ideas as were misss who saw themselves as corpulence. Keeping this in hea d, I can present some of my lessons through the course of study theoretical account of â€Å" Health Related Activity † foregrounding the benefits of exercising to them, what is meant by BMI, how to accomplish a healthy BMI etc. I can besides concentrate on nutrition and diet and overall, supply my pupils with the chance and cognition to alter their current behaviors which may be taking to their low ego regard, therefore bettering their ego regard. To heighten my pupil ‘s opinion of societal credence, I will present a strand utilizing the Sport Education course of study theoretical account. This theoretical account will heighten each pupil ‘s engagement within my PE category. Each pupil will be a member of a squad, this will give them with a sense of belonging, assist them develop feelings of individuality, learn that they are of import to their squad and their changeless interaction will better their societal accomplishments. Integrating such theoretical accounts and thoughts into my PE category should ensue in an addition in pupil ‘s ego esteem taking to improved dealingss between the instructor and pupil and besides amongst their equals. Communication within a schoolroom is of import in the overall development of pupils and their acquisition. It is the transportation of information and procedure of making intending for two or more people, it can be carried out through assorted different mediums including face to face, in groups, over the phone etc. ( Regan Morrissey 2012 ) . Within a schoolroom of about 20 five pupils, communicating is cardinal, the instructor must be able to pass on affectively to the category as a whole and besides to each of the pupils as persons. In order for the instructor to retain the categories ‘ attending, they must possess schoolroom direction accomplishments and have the ability to pass on efficaciously to their category utilizing non verbal communicating specifically ( Kyriacou 1997 ) . Non-verbal communicating straight affects a instructor ‘s relationship with their pupils therefore it is really of import for them to be cognizant of the construct of how they can stay an effec tual communicator in a professional mode. Tubbs & A ; Moss ( 2008 ) affirmed that non-verbal communicating can be knowing or unwilled. As an pedagogue, I can implement non-verbal cues in both positive and negative ways in my schoolroom environment. For illustration, with oculus contact, I can scan the schoolroom on a regular footing, oversing the pupil ‘s behavior but besides sing they all feel included in the interaction, therefore maintaining them on undertaking. The opposite can happen if I roll my eyes at a pupil ‘s response, disregarding their efforts, therefore taking to the pupil going disengaged from the lesson. It is of import that I get to cognize my pupils and larn to understand how they are affected by different state of affairss. With pattern, I will larn to maintain an oculus out for pupils non verbal cues as their subconscious actions frequently highlight what they are really experiencing at that clip, be it uncomfortable, embarrassed or otherwise. Student s may be excessively diffident to talk out and allow the instructor know what they are experiencing. This is backed up by research completed by Miller ( 2005 ) who found that gestural signals can besides be used to show feelings that are excessively upseting to province otherwise. In my PE categories, I must be cognizant of the pupils who hate executing presentations in forepart of their equals, they may go really self-aware and bloom, therefore foregrounding their unwilled non-verbal communicating and their undesire to partake in such an activity. The chief precedence in a schoolroom is student larning. Over the last figure of old ages, many course of studies have been farther developed and improved to let for greater pupil larning. Learning in a schoolroom goes beyond a instructor showing information to the pupils and the pupils construing it. Research has shown that non all worlds learn in the same manner. This presents instructors with an obstruction ; they must provide for the demands of each of the scholars in their schoolroom and show the scholars with the necessary information to win, to the best of their ability. Many pupils feel that Physical Education is non of import to their lives ; they do n't bask physical activity, do n't take part in it and do n't believe they of all time will. A batch of them are of the sentiment that PE category is merely a otiose chance to acquire more survey done. I believe the administration and end focal point of the pedagogue has a batch to make with this. We hear of pupil ‘s kicking about PE rather on a regular basis, ‘I ‘m bad at all athleticss so I hate the categories ‘ , nevertheless the course of study has been designed to integrate something for everyone. If the instructor delivers each facet of physical instruction course of study, providing for all types of scholars through usage of the different acquisition schemes, pupils should see great betterments in their PE lessons and thrive on the benefits of holding PE in their lives. To do a cross-curricular comparing, Milner ( 2010 ) conducted a survey and found that through usage of assorted larning schemes, she was able to actuate pupils and convert them of the relevancy of Science to their lives therefore, increasing their acquisition in Science Education. Howard Gardener ( 1983 ) introduced the construct of Seven Multiple Intelligences ( MI ) . He introduced his theory to the instruction sector and argued ; there are seven agencies of intelligence, giving you seven ways to learn, why would you merely utilize one? Gardener believed that instructors should follow the MI theory as a model for presenting their categories. The theory categorised intelligence as ; Logical Mathematical Linguistic Musical Spatial Bodily Kinesthetic Interpersonal Intrapersonal Gardener ‘s theory is going of all time more popular among pedagogues due to the important consequences shown by surveies implementing it all over the universe. Kornhaber ( 2001 ) found instructors responded good to Gardener ‘s beliefs as â€Å" the theory validates pedagogues ‘ mundane experience: pupils think and learn in many different ways. † He believed that Gardener ‘s theory gave instructors a model for organizing their course of study and appraisals, and encouraged contemplation which, in clip, will better run into the demands of the pupils. I agree with Komhaber, as I feel it is really of import for pedagogues to oppugn their work and invariably challenge themselves to broaden their focal point and hence, challenge and help their pupils larning. Undertaking SUMIT ( Schools Using Multiple Intelligences Theory ) was carried out in the US in 1999, where research workers examined the performanceA of 41 schools utilizing MI over a three twelvemonth period. Results reported improved standardized trial tonss, reduced disciplinary misdemeanors, increased parent engagement, and increased ability to work with pupils with larning disablements ( Kornhaber, Fierros, & A ; Veenema, 2004 ) . Similarly, a survey conducted by Schirduan and Case ( 2004 ) , found utilizing MI within a school puting displayed successful consequences. However, this survey focused on pupils with ADHD. The pupils were shown to hold high degrees of intelligence outside of the logical and lingual spheres. In many schools, pupils will non hold the chance to expose their intelligence as there are no installations in topographic point for them to make so. As pedagogues we are perpetrating a societal unfairness to our pupils by non supplying them with the chance of booming in whatever intelligence spectrum they fall. As an pedagogue, you want to acquire the best out of each of your pupils. Understanding Gardner ‘s theory will help any instructor who is willing to alter their ways for the benefit of the pupil. I believe his theory is really applicable to Physical Educators and will seek to integrate different elements of the theory into my category so my pupils can stand out in their sphere. I will present visuals into my schoolroom, utilizing video cartridge holders as presentations for invasion games and dance public presentations. I will utilize music in dance and gymnastic exercises to assist pupils maintain beat and express themselves through motion. Team/group work will be encouraged to better interpersonal accomplishments during a assortment of physical and mental undertakings. Task cards will be introduced to provide for those whose strengths lie in the lingual sphere. I will reflect systematically on my lessons, cheque has pupil larning improved and from here develop new attacks that may help the pupils larning farther. Due to the restrictions of the essay size, I have non been able to discourse all the plausible factors that influence the rubric. I did, nevertheless, choose the three factors that I believe have the greatest influence ; self-esteem, multiple intelligences and non-verbal communicating. I provided a elaborate treatment whilst doing mention to the PE environment. In decision, communicating, larning and relationships interlink and accumulate to supply a positive acquisition environment for both the instructor and the pupil. A hiccough in the concatenation can ensue in maximum larning non being attained. Teachers must endeavor to better and retain the positive flow that occurs when the chief factors interlink at the right balance as this is when pupil acquisition is at its greatest. By invariably taking towards a end like this, instructors can stay motivated within their profession and protract their passion for learning.